Cinema Of The Philippines - Free Essay Example

The Philippine cinema is the youngest of the Philippine arts, and still is considered as one of the popular forms of entertainment among the Filipinos. It directly employs some 260,000 Filipinos and generates around PHP 1. 5 billion revenues annually. [1] Contents [hide] 1 Overview 2 History 2. 1 Origins 2. 2 American period 2. 3 World War II and Japanese occupation 2. 4 1950s 2. 5 1960s 2. 6 1970s to early 1980s 2. 7 Contemporary period 2. 7. 1 Late 1980s to 1990s 2. 7. 2 2000 and beyond 3 See also 4 References 5 External links [edit]Overview The advent of cinema in the Philippines can be traced back to the early days of filmmaking in 1897, when a Spanish theater owner named Francisco Pertierra screened imported moving pictures and showed them at No. 12 Escolta, Manila. The formative years of Philippine cinema, starting from the 1930s, were a time of discovering film as a new medium of expressing artworks. Scripts and characterizations in films came from the popular theat er shows and familiar local literature. Nationalistic films were also quite popular, although they were labeled as being too subversive. The 1940s and the war brought to the Philippine cinema the consciousness of reality. Movie themes consisting primarily of war and heroism had proven to be a huge hit among local audience. The 1950s saw the first golden age of Philippine cinema,[2][3] with the emergence of more artistic and mature films, and significant improvement in cinematic techniques among filmmakers. The studio system produced frenetic activity in the local film industry as many films were made annually and several local talents started to earn recognition abroad. Award-giving bodies were first instituted during this period. When the decade was drawing to a close, the studio system monopoly came under siege as a result of labor-management conflicts, and by the 1960s, the artistry established in the previous years was already on a decline. This era can be characterized by rampant commercialism, fan movies, soft porn films, action flicks, and western spin-offs. The 1970s and 1980s were considered as turbulent years of the industry, bringing both positive and negative changes. The films in this period now dealt with more serious topics following the Martial Law era. In addition, action and sex films developed further introducing more explicit pictures. These years also brought the arrival of alternative or independent cinema in the Philippines. The 1990s saw the emerging popularity of massacre movies, teen-oriented romatic comedies, as well as anatomy-baring adult films, although slapsticks still draw a large audience. Genres of previous decades had been recycled with almost the same stories, and love teams, which had been popular in the past, had become reincarnated. [3] The Philippines, being one of Asias earliest film industry, remains undisputed in terms of the highest level of theater admission in Southeast Asia. Over the years, however, th e film industry has registered a steady decline in the movie viewership from 131 million in 1996 to 63 million in 2004. [4][5] From a high of 200 films a year during the 1980s, the countrys film industry was down to making a total of new 56 films in 2006 and around 30 in 2007. [4][5] Although the industry has undergone turbulent times, the 21st century saw the rebirth of independent filmmaking through the use of digital technology, and a number of films have once again earned international recognition and prestige. [edit]History [edit]Origins Life in the Philippines Culture Cuisine Dance Demographics Economy Education Higher education Film Holidays Languages Literature Martial arts Music Politics Religion Sports Tourism Transport v †¢ d †¢ e On January 1, 1897, the first four movies namely, Un Homme Au Chapeau (Man with a Hat), Une scene de danse Japonaise (Scene from a Japanese Dance), Les Boxers (The Boxers), and La Place de L Opera (The Place L Opera), were shown via 60 mm Gaumont Chrono-photograph projector at the Salon de Pertierra at No. 12 Escolta in Manila. The venue was formerly known as the Phonograph Parlor on the ground floor of the Casino Espanol at Calle Perez, off the Escolta. Other countries, such as France, England, and Germany had their claims to the introduction of publicly projected motion picture in the Philippines, although Petierra was given the credit to this by most historians and critics. [6] Antonio Ramos, a Spanish soldier from Aragon, was able to import a Lumiere Cinematograph from Paris, including 30 film titles, out of his savings and the financial banking of two Swiss entrepreneurs, Liebman and Peritz. By August 1897, Liebman and Peritz presented the first movies on the Lumiere Cinematograph in Manila. The cinema was set up at Escolta, corner San Jacinto, the hall formerly occupied by the Ullman Jewelry shop. A test preview was presented to a limited number of guests on August 28. The inaugural show was presen ted to the general public the next day, August 29, 1897. [6]. Documentary films showing recent events as well as natural calamities in Europe were shown in Manila. [3] During the first three weeks, Ramos had a selection of ten different films to show, but by the fourth week, he was forced to shuffle the 30 films in various combinations to produce new programs. These were four viewing sessions, every hour on the hour, from 6:00 P. M. to 10:00 P. M. After three months, attendance began to slacken for failure to show any new feature. They transferred the viewing hall to a warehouse in Plaza Goiti and reduced the admission fees. By the end of November, the movie hall closed down. [6] In order to attract patronage, using the Lumiere as a camera, Ramos locally filmed Panorama de Manila (Manila landscape), Fiesta de Quiapo (Quiapo Fiesta), Puente de Espana (Bridge of Spain), and Escenas Callejeras (Street scenes), in 1898. Aside from Ramos, there were other foreigners who left documenta ry evidences of their visits to the Philippines. Burton Holmes, father of the Travelogue, who made the first of several visits in 1899, made the Battle of Baliwag; Kimwood Peters shot the Banawe Rice Terraces; and, Raymond Ackerman of American Biography and Mutoscope filmed Filipino Cockfight and the Battle of Mt. Arayat. [6] [edit]American period Film showing in the Philippines resumed in 1900 when a British entrepreneur named Walgrah opened the Cine Walgrah at No. 60 Calle Santa Rosa in Intramuros. The second movie house was opened in 1902 by a Spanish entrepreneur, Samuel Rebarber, who called his building, Gran Cinematografo Parisien, located at No. 0 Calle Crespo in Quiapo. In 1903, Jose Jimenez, a stage backdrop painter, set up the first Filipino-owned movie theater, the Cinematograpo Rizal in Azcarraga street, in front of Tutuban Train Station. [6] In the same year, a movie market was formally created in the country along with the arrival of silent movies and American colon ialism. [3] The silent films were always accompanied by gramophone, a piano, or a quartet, or when Caviria was shown at the Manila Grand Opera House, a 200 man choir. 6] In 1905, Herbert Wyndham, shot scenes at the Manila Fire Department; Albert Yearsly shot the Rizal Day Celebration in Luneta 1909; in 1910, the Manila Carnival; in 1911, the Eruption of Mayon Volcano; the first Airplane Flight Over Manila by Bud Mars and the Fires of Tondo, Pandacan and Paco; and, in 1912, the Departure of the Igorots to Barcelona and the Typhoon in Cebu. [6] These novelty films, however, did not capture the hearts of the audience because they were about the foreigners. 3] The Philippine Commission recognized early the potential of cinema as a tool of communication and information, so that in 1909, the Bureau of Science bought a complete filmmaking unit and laboratory from Pathe, and sent its chief photographer, the American, Charles Martin, to France to train for a year. When Martin completed his t raining, he resolved to document, in motion pictures, the varied aspects of the Philippines. In 1910, the first picture with sound reached Manila, using the Chronophone. A British film crew also visited the Philippines, and filmed, among other scenes, the Pagsanjan Falls (Oriental) in 1911 in kinemakolor. 6] In 1912, New York and Hollywood film companies started to establish their own agencies in Manila to distribute films. [6] In the same year, two American entrepreneurs made a film about the execution of Jose Rizal, and aroused a strong curiosity among Filipino moviegoers. This led to the making of the first Filipino film. [3] By 1914, the US colonial government was already using films as a vehicle for information, education, propaganda and entertainment. The Bureau of Science tackled subjects designed to present an accurate picture of the Philippines before the American public, particularly the US Congress. By 1915, the best European and American films were shown in Philippine theaters. When World War I (1914–1918) choked off the production of European studios, Manila theater managers turned to US for new film products. With the variety they offered, American films quickly dominated the Philippine film market. [6] The first film produced by a Filipino is Samuel llagass Dalagang Bukid (Country Maiden) in 1919. This film was based on a highly-acclaimed musical play by Hemogenes Ilagan and Pollux . [3] Pre-war films were produced by wealthy Spaniards, American businessmen, and Filipino landlords and politicians. Early filmmakers, even with meager capital, followed some of the genres provided by Hollywood movies. The main sources of movie themes during this period were theater pieces from popular dramas or zarzuelas. Another source of movie themes at that time was the Philippine Literature. Ironically, the people who helped the film industry develop and flourish were also the same people who suppressed its artistic expression by inhibiting movie th emes that would establish radical political views among the Filipinos. Instead, love and reconciliation between members of different classes of people were encouraged to become movie themes. 3] In 1929, the Syncopation, the first American sound film, was shown in Radio theater in Plaza Santa Cruz in Manila. [6] By 1930s, a few film artists and producers deviated from the norms and presented sociopolitical movies. Julian Manansala’s film Patria Amore (Beloved Country) was almost suppressed because of its anti-Spanish sentiments. During the same period, the first sound film in Tagalog entitled Ang Aswang, a monster movie inspired by Philippine folklore, was shown. But the film apparently did not turn out to be a completely sound film. 6] Jose Nepomucenos Punyal na Guinto (Golden Dagger), which premiered on March 9, 1933, at the Lyric theater, was credited as the first completely sound movie to all-talking picture in the country. [6] Carmen Concha, the first female director in t he country, also ventured into filmmaking, and she directed Magkaisang Landas and Yaman ng Mahirap in 1939 under Parlatone, and Pangarap in 1940 under LVN. [7] Despite fierce competition with Hollywood movies, the Filipino film industry grew relatively bigger. When the 1930s drew to a close, the Filipino film industry was already well-established and local moviestars acquired a huge fan-base. Some popular movie stars of the pre-war era include: Brian Soria Fernando Royo Ben Rubio Rolando Liwanag Exequiel Segovia Ben Perez Teddy Benavides Manuel Barbeyto Ernesto la Guardia Jaime G. Castellvi Alfonso Carvajal Jose Troni Nardo Vercudia Andres Centenera Fermin Barva Fernando Poe Nati Rubi Etang Discher Patring (Monang) Carvajal Naty Bernardo [edit]World War II and Japanese occupation During the Japanese Occupation, filmmaking was suddenly put to a halt. The Japanese brought with them their own films, but this was not appealing to the local audience. For this reason, Japanese propa ganda offices hired several local filmmakers, including Gerardo de Leon, to make propaganda pictures that extoll Filipino-Japanese friendship. One of these propaganda films was the Dawn of Freedom, which was directed by Abe Yutaka and Gerardo de Leon. [3] It was during this time that the popular comedy duo Pugo and Togo was renamed Tuguing and Puguing. This was because Togo sounded too similar to Tojo, the name of the Prime Minister of Japan during the early 1940s. During World War II, almost all actors depended on stage shows only, mostly on major Manila movie theaters, to provide for their livelihood. Live theater began to thrive again as movie stars, directors and technicians returned to the stage. [edit]1950s Bundles of 35-mm films of several old movies being kept by the Mowelfund at the Movie Museum of the Philippines in Quezon City. After World War II, the Philippine version of a war movie had emerged as a genre. The audience were hungry for films with patriotic themes. Fil ms such as Garrison 13 (1946), Dugo ng Bayan (The Country’s Blood) (1946), Walang Kamatayan (Deathless) (1946), and Guerilyera (1946), narrated the horrors of the war and the heroism of the soldiers and guerillas. 3] The 1950s was the so-called first golden age of Philippine cinema, mainly because at this time, the Big Four studios (LVN Pictures, Sampaguita Pictures, Premiere Productions and Lebran International) were at the height of their powers in filmmaking, having employed master directors like Gerardo de Leon, Eddie Romero and Cesar Gallardo and housing the biggest stars of the industry that day. The Big Four has been also churning out an estimated total of 350 films a year. This number made the Philippines second only to Japan in terms of film productions a year, which made it one of the busiest and bustling film communities in Asia. Nevertheless, Hollywood still has its grips on the Filipino audience mainly because all those 350 films are only shown in two theaters , namely Dalisay and Life theaters in Manila. The premiere directors of the era were (but not limited to): Gerardo de Leon Gregorio Fernandez Eddie Romero Lamberto Avellana Armando Garces Cirio Santiago Cesar Gallardo The biggest stars of the era were (but not limited to): Rogelio de la Rosa Jaime de la Rosa Carmen Rosales Jose Padilla, Jr. Arsenia Francisco Ben Perez Ben Rubio Fred Penalosa Rosa del Rosario Paraluman Oscar Moreno Carlos Salazar Manuel Conde Tony Santos Fred Montilla Oscar Keese Bert Olivar Anita Linda Carol Varga Evelyn Villar Tessie Agana Linda Estrella Alicia Vergel Cesar Ramirez Ruben Rustia Lauro Delgado Eddie Garcia Gloria Romero Nida Blanca Nestor de Villa Luis Gonzales Van de Leon Gil de Leon Mila del Sol Rita Gomez Lolita Rodriguez Charito Solis Rosa Mia Rosa Rosal Delia Razon Eddie del Mar Efren Reyes, Sr. Johnny Reyes Nena Cardenas Chichay Tolindoy Bayani Casimiro Bentot (Cosca) Vicente Liwanay Pugo Tugo Patsy (Pachochay) Lopito Tugak Pugak Billy Surot Vizcarra Chiquito Oscar Obligacion Dely Atayatayan Andoy Balumbalunan Levi Celerio Zaldy Zshornack The Big Four studios produced most of the notable films of Philippine cinema during this era. Roberta (1951) of Sampaguita Pictures, featuring child stars, was a phenomenal success at that time. LVN Pictures, under the leadership of the grandmotherly Dona Sisang de Leon, specialized in superproductions, rural comedies and musicals, but also produced socially-relevant films such as Avellanas Anak Dalita (1956), Tony Santoss Badjao (1957) and Manuel Siloss Biyaya ng Lupa (1959). Sampaguita Pictures mainly produced high-gloss, glamorous pictures such as Maalaala Mo Kaya (1954). On the other hand Premiere Productions released most of the action films of the decade, such as Sawa sa Lumang Simboryo (1952), Salabusab (1954) and Huwag Mo Akong Limutin (1960). Due to the high production values of the motion pictures during this era, these movies started to win awards internationally. In 1952, Manuel Condes Genghis Khan became the first Asian film to be shown in the Venice Film Festival and Cannes Film Festival, a feat that would not be defeated until the 1970s. Inspired by Condes picture, Hollywood remade Genghis Khan, with John Wayne as its lead actor. 3][6] In 1956, Anak Dalita copped the Golden Harvest Award (Best Picture) of the prestigious Asia-Pacific Film Festival. In addition, the stars of these productions also won international awards. Lilia Dizon, for example, may have not romped away with the FAMAS Best Actress Award fo the time, but the prince of Cambodia, Norodom Sihanouk, presented her with the Best Actress Award from the Asia-Pacific Film Festival in 1954. Leroy Salvador was also recognized in his performance as Best Supporting Actor for the film Huk sa Bagong Pamumuhay (1953) in the Asia-Pacific Film Festival. During this era, the first award-giving bodies were also established. The first award-giving body, the Maria Clara Awards of the Manila T imes Publishing, Inc, was composed of film publicists and writers who voted for the exemplary achievements of Filipino motion pictures for a certain calendar year. In 1953, the Maria Clara folded up to give way to the establishment of the Filipino Academy of Movie Arts and Sciences (FAMAS), the Philippines answer to the United States Academy Awards. With this, the Philippines set a trend in Asian cinema; FAMAS was the first film industry award-giving body in Asia. FAMAS has awarded its most coveted Best Picture Award to the following films: 1952 Sawa sa Lumang Simboryo (Premiere Productions and M. J. Vistan Productions) 1953 Huk sa Bagong Pamumuhay (LVN Pictures) 1954 Salabusab (Premiere Productions) 1955 Higit sa Lahat (LVN Pictures) 1956 Luksang Tagumpay (LVN Pictures) 1957 Kalibre . 45 (Premiere Productions) 1958 Hanggang sa Dulo ng Daigdig (Premiere Productions) 1959 Biyaya ng Lupa (LVN Pictures) During this period, Filipinos seen Hollywoods first full length picture in livin g technicolor. Filipino local producers presented too, during this period, their own full length pictures in color in spite of some technical deficiency, and one of which, was Prinsipe Amante (Prince Amante). [6] [edit]1960s Characterized by the so-called bomba pictures, James Bond and western spin-offs. It was also the era of musical films starred by mostly Sampaguita Pictures discoveries. The studio systems came under siege from the growing labor movement, which resulted in labor-management conflicts. The first studio to close was Lebran followed by Premiere Productions. Next came Sampaguita and LVN. The Big Four studios were replaced by new and independent producers like Regal Films, which was established by Lily Monteverde in 1962. The decade also saw the emergence of the youth revolution best represented by the Beatles and the rock and roll. As a result of this, certain movie genres were made to cater to this revolt. Fan movies and teen love team-ups emerged, showing Nora Aunor and Vilma Santos, along with Tirso Cruz III and Edgar Mortiz as their respective screen sweethearts. In addition, movie genres showing disaffection to the status quo during the era were also popular. Action movies with Pinoy cowboys and secret agents as the movers of the plots depicted a society ravaged by criminality and corruption. [3] Another kind of youth revolt, implying rejection of adult corruption, came in the form of movies featuring child stars. At the end of this decade, another movie genre that embodied a different form of revolt took centerstage. Soft porn movies, more popularly known as bomba films, increasingly became popular, and these films were described as a direct challenge to the conventions, norms and conduct of the society. Even in the period of decline, several Philippine films that stood out. These include the following films by Gerardo de Leon: Noli Me Tangere (Touch me Not) in 1961; El Filibusterismo (Subversion) in 1962; Huwag mo Akong Limuti n (Never Forget Me) in 1960; and, Kadenang Putik (Chain of Mud) in 1960. During this period, Filipino filmmakers became successful in presenting some full length pictures in living Eastmancolor, one of which was Ito ang Pilipino by J. E. Production. This movie was produced and starred by Joseph Estrada himself. 6] [edit]1970s to early 1980s Touted as the second golden age of Philippine cinema, this was the period of the avant-garde filmmakers. At the turn of the 70s, local producers and filmmakers ceased to produce pictures in black and white. [3][6] The promotional poster of the movie, Kapantay Ay Langit, which won three awards in the 1971 Manila Film Festival, including Best Movie Theme Song for George Cansecos originalcomposition of the same title. In 1972, the Philippines was placed under the martial rule, and films were used as propagandastic vehicles. Marcos and his technocrats sought to regulate filmmaking through the creation of the Board of Censors for Motion Pictures (B CMP). Prior to the start of filming, a finished script was required to be submitted to the Board and incorporate the ideology of the New Society such as, a new sense of discipline, uprightness and love of country. Annual festivals was revived during this period, and bomba films as well as political movies critical of the Marcos administration were banned. [3] In spite of the censorship, the exploitation of sex and violence onscreen continued to assert itself. Under martial law, action films usually append to the ending an epilogue claiming that the social realities depicted had been wiped out with the establishment of the New Society. The notorious genre of sex or bomba films that appeared in the preceding decade was still around although it merely showed female stars swimming in their underwear, taking a bath in their chemise, or being chased and raped in a river, sea, or under a waterfall. Such movies were called the wet look. One uch movie was the talked-about Ang Pinakamagan dang Hayop sa Balat ng Lupa (The Most Beautiful Animal on the Face of the Earth) in 1974 starring former Miss Universe Gloria Diaz. [3] In spite of the presence of censorship, this period paved way to the ascendancy of a new breed of directors. Some of the notable films during this era are as follows: Lino Brocka Tubog sa Ginto (1970) Tinimbang Ka Ngunit Kulang (1974) Maynila: Sa mga Kuko ng Liwanag (1975) Insiang (1976) Ishmael Bernal Pagdating sa Dulo (1971) Manila by Night (1980) Himala (1982) Mike de Leon Itim (1976) Sister Stella L (1984) Peque Gallaga Oro, Plata, Mata (1982) In 1977, an unknown Filipino filmmaker going by the name of Kidlat Tahimik made a film entitled Mababangong Bangungot (Perfumed Nightmare), which won the International Critic’s Prize in the Berlin Film Festival that same year. Out of short film festivals sponsored by the University of the Philippines Film Center and by the Experimental Cinema of the Philippines, young filmmakers joined Kidlat Tah imik by distancing themselves from the traditions of mainstream cinema. Nick De ocampo’s Oliver (1983) and Raymond Red’s Ang Magpakailanman (The Eternal, 1983) have received attention in festivals abroad. In 1981, as mandated by Executive Order No. 640-A, the Film Academy of the Philippines was enacted, serving as the umbrella organization that oversees the welfare of various guilds of the movie industry and gives recognition of the artistic and technical excellence of the performances of its workers and artists. [8] Also, that same year, Viva Films began producing movies. During the closing years of martial rule, a number of films defiant of the Marcos dictatorship were made. Films such as Marilou Diaz-Abaya’s Karnal depicted this defiance in an implicit way in the ilm’s plot, wherein patricide ends a tyrannical father’s domination. In the same year, Mike de Leon’s Sister Stella L. was shown on the bigscreen, and it was about oppression and tyranny. In 1985, Lino Brocka’s Bayan Ko: Kapit sa Patalim (My Country: Gripping the Knife’s Edge) depicted images of torture, incarceration, struggle and oppression. [3] During this times, the Philippines ranked among the top 10 film-producing countries in the world, with an annual output of more than 300 movies. [9] [edit]Contemporary period The dawn of this era saw a dramatic decline of the Philippine movie industry. 10] Most Hollywood films had been dominating mainstream cinema even more,[5] and fewer than a twenty quality local films were being produced and shown yearly. [2][10] Many producers and production houses later stopped producing films after losing millions of pesos,[5] while two television stations steered towards the world of filmmaking. At the turn of the 21st century, a new sense of excitement and trend enveloped the industry by the coming of digital and experimental cinema, as well as the resurfacing of independent filmmaking. [edit]Late 1980s to 1990s At the beginning of this period, and even in the latter part of the preceding times, most Filipino films were mass-produced and sacrificed quality for commercial success. Storylines were said to be unimaginative and predictable, comedy was slapstick, and the acting was either mediocre or overly dramatic. Producers were antipathetic to new ideas, or risk-taking. Instead, they resorted to formulas that worked well in the past that cater to the standards and tastes of the masses. [2][9] Teen-oriented films, massacre movies, and soft pornographic pictures composed a majority of the genre produced. 3] Aside from fiercer competition with Hollywood films,[5] the Asian Financial Crisis, escalating cost of film production, exorbitant taxes, arbitrary and too much film censorship, high-tech film piracy,[11] and rise of cable television further contributed for the trimming down of production costs of film outfits that resulted to falling box-office receipts of domestic films, and the eventual precarious state of the local film industry. [12] In 1993, a television station ventured into movie production. ABS-CBNs Star Cinema produced Ronquillo: Tubong Cavite, Laking Tondo in cooperation with Regal Films. Five years later, another television tation, GMA Network, started producing movies. GMA Films released the critically-acclaimed Sa Pusod ng Dagat, Jose Rizal, and Muro Ami, which attained commercial success. [13] [edit]2000 and beyond Hailed as the fist real new wave of digital cinema, this decade saw the introduction of locally-produced animated features and the proliferation of digital films by independent filmmakers with international reach and caliber. [14][15][16][17][18] While formulaic romantic comedies have comprised majority of mainstream releases, independent filmmakers spur a renewed interest in Filipino movies with mostly digital films. Signs of rebirth of the Philippine cinema arose by way of films with themes about transformation. In 2002, Gil Po rtes released Mga Munting Tinig (Small Voices), a subdued film about a teacher who inspires her students to follow their dreams; the movie also made suggestions to improve the country’s education system. A year later, Mark Meily’s comedy Crying Ladies, about three Filipinas working as professional mourners in Manila’s Chinatown but looking for other ways to make money, became a huge hit. Also that same year, Maryo J. de los Reyes made a buzz at various film festivals with Magnifico, a simple film with universal appeal about a boy who tries to help his family survive their hardships. [9] DUDA (DOUBT) is an example of how a man driven by an idea for a film can succeed against all odds at creating a significant statement. Writer/Director Crisaldo Pablo used a cast of friends with some professionals and with the use of a Sony VX made the first full-length digital film ever shot in the Philippines. Comments by Cris Pablo and some of the actors are in a making o f feature on the DVD demonstrate how much dedication to a vision played in this brave little movie. [19]In 2006 and 2007, Filipino filmmakers began making digital movies. [20] Donsol, by director Adolf Alix, made waves with his debut digital film (which included underwater cinematography) set in Donsol, a fishing town that serves as sanctuary to rare white whale sharks. Other talents of note include Jeffrey Jeturian, Auraeus Solito, and Brillante Mendoza’s 2007 Filipino version of Danish Dogme and Italian cinema verite (Slingshot). Lav Diaz is the leading figure in experimental Tagalog films. His works—including excruciatingly long epics about Filipino life (some of which run up to 10 hours)—often test the endurance of viewers. [9] Although Filipino digital films are made in almost no time and with meager budget, they are strongly represented in international film festivals. [21][22] Numerous works of a new breed of filmmakers had their films seen at the pres tigious film festivals in Berlin, Cannes, Venice, Vienna and Rotterdam. 14][23] Several others won prizes and awards in various film festivals around the world. [24][25][26][27][28][29][30] Among the works include Ang Pagdadalaga ni Maximo Oliveros (2005) by Auraeus Solito, Kubrador (2006) by Jeffrey Jeturian, Todo Todo Teros (2006) by John Torres, Endo (2007) by Jade Castro, Tribu (2007) by Jim Libiran, just to name a few. In 2007, a Filipino short film entitled Napapanggap (Pretend) by Debbie Formoso, a recent graduate of MFA Master of Film Art at LMU Loyola Marymount University, in Los Angeles, had a successful run in a number of US film festivals. 31] Several other short films,[32][33] including Pedro Joaquin Valdess Bulong (Whisper),[34] as well as documentaries[35] garnered international attention and honors. In 2008, Serbis (Service) became the first Filipino full-length film to compete in the Cannes Film Festival since internationally acclaimed director Lino Brockas Bayan Ko : Kapit sa Patalim (My Country: Gripping the Knifes Edge) in 1984. [4][36][37] Another milestone in the Philippine cinema took place that same year as local audience witnessed the first full-length animated film, Urduja, topbilled by Cesar Montano and Regine Velasquez as voices behind the lead characters. The film was done by over 400 Filipino animators, who produced more than 120,000 drawings that will run in 1,922 scenes equivalent to 8,771 feet of film. [38] A few weeks later, the Philippine movie industry took centerstage for the first time in the 6th Edition of the Festival Paris Cinema 2008 in France. About 40 Filipino films were shown at the said filmfest, with Star Cinema’s Caregiver (starring Sharon Cuneta) and Ploning (Judy Ann Santos) as opening films. Filipino actor, Piolo Pascual, was invited by Paris Mayor Delanoe and actress Charlotte Rampling earlier that year to grace the occasion. 39] Before the closing of 2008, another full-length animated film graced th e bigscreen, Dayo: Sa Mundo ng Elementalia, which was an entry in the 2008 Metro Manila Film Festival. [40][41] To encourage production of high-quality movies, the Philippine government started giving tax rebates on films. However, only nine of the 150 films produced from January 2003 to January 2006, received such a rebate. In 2001, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo asked town and city mayors to reduce the entertainment tax but only few of them did. 5][42] In order to build up and stimulate the film industry, some Congressmen and Senators recently have authored a number of proposals and legislations pending ratification by the Philippine Congress. Many of the bills seek to ease the multiple taxes on producers, theater operators and patrons. One of the bills, for instance, proposes to exempt from the 30-percent amusement tax on all locally produced movies classified by regulators as for general patronage or parental guidance-13. Another bill seeks to exempt local producers from the 12-percent value-added tax (VAT) on imported filmmaking raw materials and equipment. [1][43][44]

Tips on Identifying two common magnolias

The magnolia tree is a large genus of about 220 flowering plant species worldwide. Nine species are native to the United States and Canada and  the  tree commonly refers to trees of the genus Magnolia  that are a part of  the magnolia family  Magnoliaceae.  It is interesting to note that the tulip tree or yellow poplar is in the same family but in a  different genus called Liriodendron and I deal with it separately. ID Tips: The major identification markers of North American  magnolia during the spring/early summer growing season are big aromatic flowers with many parts including showy petals and sepals. Their leaves are alternate  in arrangement but can appear whorled at the branch tips. They tend to be large and often floppy with rolling to waving  edges The fruit of the magnolia is also a great way to identify the tree as it is relatively large and unique in shape.  Magnolias have large  seed pods that look like cones, which are unique when compared to most hardwood tree species. Depending on the species, the upright  cone will expand exposing  red berries which are a favorite food for wildlife.   Cucumber Tree Vs. Southern Magnolia The Southern magnolia is defined by its name - this magnolia lives in the deep part of the southeastern United States. Arthur Plotnik in his Urban Tree Book describes it as the anointed one and a pompous evergreen tree that perfumes the southern United States in early summer and planted in warm climates all over the world. It is the Louisiana state flower and Mississippis state tree. The cucumber tree and saucer magnolia are magnolias enjoyed by the northern states and Canada. The stately cucumber tree is the only magnolia that reaches Canada and is common in the Georgia Blue Ridge Mountains. Leaves: alternate, simple, persistent or deciduous, unlobedTwigs: aromatic,  bundle scars  conspicuous.Fruit: a conelike aggregate of seed.    The Common North American Magnolias Cucumber tree Southern magnolia    The Most Common North American Hardwood List ash  - Genus  Fraxinus  beech  - Genus  Fagus  basswood  - Genus Tilia  birch  - Genus  Betula  black cherry  Ã‚  - Genus  Prunus  black walnut/butternut  - Genus  Juglans  cottonwood  Ã‚  - Genus  Populus  elm  Ã‚  - Genus   Ulmus  hackberry  Ã‚  - Genus  Ã‚  Celtis  hickory  Ã‚  - Genus  Ã‚  Carya  holly  Ã‚  - Genus  Ã‚  IIex  locust  - Genus  Robinia  and  Gleditsia  magnolia  Ã‚  - Genus  Ã‚  Magnolia  maple  - Genus  Acer  oak  - Genus  Quercus  poplar  Ã‚  - Genus  Populus  red alder  Ã‚  - Genus  Ã‚  Alnus  royal paulownia  Ã‚  - Genus  Paulownia  sassafras  Ã‚  - Genus  Ã‚  Sassafras  sweetgum  - Genus  Liquidambar  sycamore  Ã‚  - Genus  Ã‚  Platanus  tupelo  Ã‚  - Genus  Ã‚  Nyssa  willow  Ã‚  - Genus  Ã‚  Salix  yellow-poplar  - Genus  Liriodendron

China s Political And Social Structures - 1015 Words

China is the fastest emerging political power in the world, a power that in a short amount of time turned from a third-rate industrial nation with lots of raw potential, to the second largest economy and one of the largest militaries in the world. But is China’s political and social structures unique? Certainly, the Chinese system possesses certain aspects similar to what already exists in other modern nation-states and their governments, however, it is how these pieces coelute together into a coherent political and economic machine that makes the model unique. Politically, the Chinese Communist Party is quite unique. Most authoritarian political parties are either dominated by party elites who only pass on power to loyalists, or merely a military regime. The CCP, however, is significantly technocratic, and much more inclusive. Many members of the CCP are not just military leaders or individuals with law degrees, they also include engineers and more recently business leaders. Furthermore, although there is a level of patronage in Chinese politics and society known as Guanxi, in fact as Mingxing Liu states in his paper about advancement in the CCP Central Committee â€Å"the literature suggests that leaders were able to stay in power because they engaged in factional politics instead of selecting the most capable ofï ¬ cials† (Victor Shih 2012) However, that was during the pre-Xi Jinping eras and quantifiable efforts have been made to combat corruption, especially in localShow MoreRelatedThe Underlying Profitability Of Importing American Books Into Chinese Market Through The Aspect Of Culture And Economy Essay1496 Words   |  6 PagesI. Introduction China Zhijian Publishing House, founded in 2010, is a company which mainly publishes Chinese publications and about 600 categories of new books can be published every year. 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Cloud Computing in Robotics Second Party Infrastructure

Question: Describe about the Cloud Computing in Robotics for Second Party Infrastructure. Answer: Introduction Cloud computing is the use of second party infrastructure for various computing options. The cloud computing allows sharing of the hardware that helps in better utilization of resources, thus saving computing costs involved for the installation of dedicated software. Also the real time sharing of data ensures better connectivity and data sharing between the nodes. Robotics is use of mechanized automatic machines for easing the human tasks. So it can be understood that the cloud in robotics deals with the interconnected robots that are connected to a based server and can share the data in real time for serving the purpose (Nagrath et al. 2013). In this case, the bots (robots) will be connected to the cloud services that are provided by Nectar Cloud environment. The bots that are light weight mobile robots will be equipped with the RGB-D cameras and the communication devices for internet connectivity for sharing the data with the other bots and these data will be used on the cloud plat form itself for dynamic mapping of the environment (Kehoe et al. 2015). Since mapping the environment is a difficult task hence multiple robots are used for the mapping the different section of the environment, the data will be shared and will be made available on the cloud, where the data will be analyzed to generate the 3D map of the environment. For this purpose the bots will be programmed with situational awareness which will be driven by the intelligent sensors and distributed reconnaissance, etc. Project Description The cloud robotics is the stream in which the robotics are implemented with the help of the cloud services like cloud computing, storage, etc. this combination will impart various features that are available for robots and the cloud services (Koken 2015). Since the computation on premise is totally reduced, the robots that are developed is lighter compared to the others, also the on premise computation introduces many complex computation during the compilation of the data. The cloud services enable the data to be retrieved in real time and can be compared with the other bots thus making is much more effective compared to the other systems (Agostinho et al. 2011). For implementation of the system, the mobile bots have been designed that can communicate continuously for 3D mapping of the environment. The mapping is done with the help of advanced sensors that are installed in the system. The multiple robotic systems that has been created interacts in real time to generate the data. Project Aim This project is mainly aimed to demonstrate the advantages of the cloud robotics over the huge computing process. Along with that, this project is also aimed to explore the environmental issue with the cloud robotics and to identify the benefits of the future robotics applications in regards to the cloud robotics over the traditional networked robots. Project Objectives The objective is to offloading the mechanism of calculation from the customer and giving access to the constant server. The mass of the robots can be reduced by the movement of data processing procedure into the cloud environment. Literature Review The wireless communication technology has given a large amount of mobility to the present technology (Rudas 2012). The cloud technology has enabled a scope of better communication between the robots and the autonomous systems, which will relieve the systems of the onboard computations, thus making the systems independent of the hardware peripherals like the memory, also reducing the amount of computations and the programming involved for the onboard computations (Goldberg and Kehoe 2013). The surveys that have been done by the authors have also presented the works that have been done previously on empowering the machines by better communication among the machines. In their paper Hu Tay and Wen (2012) have also presented a similar view on the impact of better communication on the machines. The authors state that the cloud presents various advantages on the system which are namely the big data, which allows better access to the various online resources thus allowing better information availability (Gherardi, Hunziker and Mohanarajah 2014). Cloud computing which enable an online platform which can be used as a substitute to the traditional onboard communication system (Kehoe et al. 2013). Also the collective learning of the robots will also make the learning more intensive making the system more versatile compared to the standalone system. Better human interaction has also been possible with the help of the technologies thus helping in better tapping of the human skills. Turnbull and Samanta (2013) in their paper present the creation of a multiple robot system that is controlled by the formation control over a cloud network. For the implementation of the system a single virtual machine was created on a local cloud and robots with minimal hardware was created. The authors Alamo Benito and Carranza (2013) in their paper have discussed the architecture that could be used for the mobile cloud robotics. The authors have explained the implementation of the cloud platfor m for the implementation of the robotic systems, they state that the cloud platform reduces the computational hardware that were needed for the analyzing the data. Since every device can be connected to the internet, they can be used for collecting the huge amount of data can be used for Big Data and usable information can be retrieved from them. Kamei et al. (2012) have worked in a novel project to develop a network for the robots that is based on the cloud technology that will be used by the elderly people. Since a standalone system introduces a huge amount of pressure on the device, hence the cloud technology has been proposed thus making the system more versatile as the devices can be switched off according to the needs without affecting the performance of the system (Guizzo and Deyle 2012). In this paper the authors have discussed the current status and the open issues have been discussed in detail, as the emergence of the technologies as the cloud computing and big data presen t a huge potential to deal with the various issues (Ren 2012). The authors state that the technologies can be used for various novel projects which will help in improving the human life. In this aspect the author have presented the issues related to the technology and the possible solutions to it (Wan et al. 2016). Thus it can be seen that the authors of various literature have presented the scope of the project which can be implemented for solving issues. Project Implementation The popularity of the service robots have been increased very rapidly from the last decade. The robots are implemented in terms of helping the human beings in their daily life schedule (Mohanarajah et al. 2015). The Cloud Robotics is nothing but the field of robotics that makes an attempt for invoking the cloud computing like cloud storage, cloud computing as well as the other internet technologies those are centred on the advantages of the shared services as well as converged infrastructure for robotics (Liu et al. 2014). The robots can benefits from the potential communications, storage as well as the computational resources of the modern data centre in the loud while connected to the cloud (Agero and Veloso 2012). Human beings can easily delegate jobs towards the robots through the networks remotely (Chen et al. 2013). The technologies of cloud computing can make enable the robot systems to be endowed with the potential ability during the reduction of the costs with the help of th e cloud technologies (Wang and Meng 2012). Therefore, it is possible for building the smarter, low cost as well as lightweight robots have the intelligent brain in the cloud. There are six important as well as major components of cloud for robotics. The most popular cloud robotics project is the Distributed agent with Collective Intelligence (Rusu and Cousins 2011). Cloud Robotics have several future robotic applications. These future applications can hugely benefit from the cloud robotics that give several advantages over the contemporary networked robots (Kato et al. 2011). One of those benefits is the capability of offloading the tasks those are computation intensive towards the cloud. Only the robots require keeping essential actuators, sensors as well as the fundamental processing power in terms of enabling the real time actions (Tenorth et al. 2013). Apart from that, in this scenario, the robotic platform becomes less expensive as well as lighter and the battery life is extend ed with easier for maintaining hardware. Apart from that, another significant future robotic application is the capability of accessing the huge amount of data. Project Implementation Techniques For implementation of the system, the mobile bots have been designed that can communicate continuously for 3D mapping of the environment. The mapping is done with the help of advanced sensors that are installed in the system. The multiple robotic systems that have been created interacts in real time to generate the data. It is a very important point that the robots can easily acquire the knowledge as well as the information in terms of executing tasks with the help of the databases in the cloud (Doriya, Chakraborty and Nandi 2012). Therefore, they dont need to operate with the maintenance as well as the creation or the implementation of such data (Ferrat 2013). Besides that, another important as well as the significant future application of the cloud robotics is simply the potential for accessing to the shared knowledge as well as the new skills (Dhiyanesh 2012). This is because, the cloud gives a medium towards the robots for sharing information as well as learning new knowledge and skills from each other (Jordn et al. 2013). Therefore, the cloud can simply host the library or the database of behaviours or skills that can map to the distinct environmental complications as well as the requirements of the tasks (Rastkar et al. 2012). Due to the advantages of the applications, the robotics in the cloud environment has a wide range of essential applications in the computation intensive or the data intensive tasks in the areas of environment monitoring, defence, education, entertainment, smart home, health care as well as the intelligent transportation (Proia, Simshaw and Hauser 2015). The most significant fact is that the cloud technology has enabled the scope of better communication between the robots and the autonomous systems, which will relieve the systems of the onboard computations, thus making the systems independent of the hardware peripherals like the memory, also reducing the amount of computations and the programming involved for the onboard computation s (Guizzo 2011). Therefore, in order to provide the proper evidences, the researcher has conducted a survey among fifty people who are working in the cloud or he cloud robotics environment. This research has also presented the works that have been done previously on empowering the machines by better communication among the machines. Results and Findings How far do you think that Cloud Robotics is advantageous for the huge computing process? (Referred to Appendix 1) During conducting the entire survey, the researcher reached to the proper finding as well as the result of this particular research. While the question was raised to the participants whether the cloud robotics is advantageous in terms of accomplishing the huge computing process then most of the respondents have given the positive response as their answers of this particular question. According to the graphical representation plotted above, it can be seen that 40 % of the respondents have been agreed to the question asked to them. The cloud computing has several advantages over the huge computing processes. Thus most of the respondents have been agreed to this particular question simply because of the fact that the distributed agent with collective intelligence (DAVANCI) gives the large area mapping as well as localization along with it towards the huge process of computing. In case of collective intelligence, it is the group or shared intelligence that emerges from the competition, c ollective efforts as well as collaboration of several individuals and appears in the consensus decision making process. On the other hand, the distributed collective intelligence can be referred to the utility of the number of the simple agents for producing collectively the intelligent behaviour. These particular agents can easily generate the self organized system that has no centralized control structure by implementing them distributed. Apart from that, every different individual agent has the simple protocols which govern its local behaviours. Besides that, these simple local communications between agents as well as with the environment spawn more complicated international behaviours. 2. How far do you think that environmental security is the significant issue of the cloud robotics? (Referred to Appendix 2) During conducting the entire survey, the researcher reached to the proper finding as well as the result of this particular research. While the question was raised to the participants whether the environmental security is one of the major issues of the cloud robotics then most of the respondents have given the positive response as their answers of this particular question. According to the graphical representation plotted above, it can be seen that 62 % of the respondents have been agreed to the point of the question asked to them. This is simply because, the users as well as the concentration of the resources of computing in the environment of the cloud computing can easily represents the concentration of the threats of the security attacks. On the other hand, the most of the respondents have been agreed with the fact that the environments of cloud are often targeted due to their significance as well as the size by the brute force attacks, bot malware and the virtual machines as well as the other kinds of security attacks or threats. 3. How far do you think that the cloud robotics has several applications in several different fields of Operations? (Referred to Appendix 3) During conducting the entire survey, the researcher reached to the proper finding as well as the result of this particular research. While the question was raised to the participants regarding the applications of the cloud robotics then most of the respondents have given the positive response as their answers of this particular question. According to the graphical representation plotted above, it can be seen that 60 % of the respondents have been agreed to the point of the question asked to them. The three major applications of the cloud robotics are the autonomous mobile robots, industrial robots as well as the cloud medical robots. In case of the autonomous cars, the cloud robots are the self driving cars of Google. The cars utilize the networks in terms of accessing the enormous database of maps and the environment as well as the satellite model of Google and make a combination with data streaming from GPS as well as the 3D sensors for monitoring its position within the centimetre s and with current as well as past patterns of traffic for avoiding collisions. On the other hand, in case of the cloud medical robots, the medical cloud is comprised of several services like clinic solutions, analytics services, practice service, a patient health management system, electronic medical records, disease archive and many others. Apart from that, few cloud based robot systems can easily learn the process of handling the tasks like threading cables or wires or aligning gaskets from the basis of the professional knowledge. Such a group of robots can effectively share the details or information for few tasks those are collaborative in nature. On the other hand, a consumer even more is capable of ordering the customized product in terms of manufacturing directly the robots with the system of ordering via online. 4. How far do you think that Nectar Cloud Services provide the flexible scalable computing power? (Referred to Appendix 4) While conducting the entire survey, the researcher reached to the proper finding as well as the result of this particular research. While the question was raised to the participants regarding the features of the Nectar Cloud Services then most of the respondents have given the positive response as their answers of this particular question. According to the graphical representation plotted above, it can be seen that 66 % of the respondents have been agreed to the point of the question asked to them. Their positive responses clearly states that Nectar Cloud Services give the computing power, which scalable as well as flexible enough to all the researchers of Australia with the computing services, software as well as infrastructure that permit the research community for running, accessing and storing data autonomously, rapidly as well as remotely. On the other hand, another significant point in association with this particular feature of the Nectar Cloud Services is that the structure o f the Nectar cloud self service permits efficient, fast desktop access to the data as well as the potential collaboration platform. The robots that were planned for the process each were embedded with smart sensors that gave the bots their senses for deciding the course of action for each bots, which communicates with each other with the help of internet. 5. How far do you think that the future robotic applications would greatly benefit from the cloud robotics that provide the benefits over the traditional networked robots? (Referred to Appendix 5) While conducting the entire survey, the researcher reached to the proper finding as well as the result of this particular research. While the question was raised to the participants regarding the future applications of the Cloud Robotics then most of the respondents participated in the survey have given the positive response as their answers of this particular question. According to the graphical representation plotted above, it can be seen that 66 % of the respondents have been agreed to the point of the question asked to them. This is simply because of the fact that there are several advantages those can be got from the future robotic applications. One of those benefits of the capability of offloading the tasks those are computation intensive towards the cloud. Only the robots require to keep essential actuators, sensors as well as the fundamental processing power in terms of enabling the real time actions. On the other hand, in this scenario, the robotic platform becomes less expe nsive as well as lighter and the battery life is extended with easier for maintaining hardware. Apart from that, another significant future robotic application is the capability of accessing the huge amount of data. It is a very important point that the robots can easily acquire the knowledge as well as the information in terms of executing tasks with the help of the databases in the cloud. Therefore, they dont need to operate with the maintenance as well as the creation or the implementation of such data. Besides that, another important as well as the significant future application of the cloud robotics is simply the potential for accessing to the shared knowledge as well as the new skills. This is because, the cloud gives a medium towards the robots for sharing information as well as learning new knowledge and skills from each other. Therefore, the cloud can simply host the library or the database of behaviours or skills that can map to the distinct environmental complications as well as the requirements of the tasks. Project Testing Quantitative or Qualitative In terms of conducting this entire research both of the descriptive as well as the exploratory study had been undertaken in terms of summoning this particular research work. Therefore, the exploratory study has mainly assisted to the best deal with the issues those adhere the part of the topic of this particular research that is the cloud robotics. On the other hand, during the descriptive study aided for describing the characteristics of the variables those were incorporated in this particular scenario. Thus, this particular research or study consists of both of the quantitative as well as the qualitative data. Sources of data the data sources or the sources of the information for this particular research which is based on the cloud robotics were mainly of types of sources such as the secondary as well as the primary sources of collecting data. Therefore, getting the survey filled was that approach in terms of collecting data for this particular research. At the time of the conduction of the secondary tool of information was mainly based on the internet, magazines as well as the newspaper. Questionnaire or the Survey - The questionnaire or the survey arranged among few participants was the less expensive way with the help of which the updated data can be easily collected regarding the topic. On the other hand, the appeal of the survey or the questionnaire can be wide as the other collections medium. Apart from that, it has simply permitted the most feasible approach or the path for approaching towards the huge number of people for getting the statistical analysis of the outcomes. On the other hand, the questions those were made in a well designed manner could not only aid for collecting the data of an individual. However, it also helped in terms of analyzing the data in the most effective as well as with the help of the best manner regarding the provided topic of this particular research that is the cloud robotics. Well managed questions are also able to help the readers in terms of depicting the image of minds of people about the society as well as the culture under t he providing subject or the topic as well. Improvement of the Testing Process - In order to examine the results of this research, the Likert Scale process is necessary and it is important in this scenario. On the other hand, however, the SPSS as well as the other simulated tools can also be utilized in terms of taking out the proper outcomes of the research. Nevertheless, the sampling of the aforementioned outcomes is not also so much unique but it s still reliable as well as feasible. Therefore, it is the process of Survey or questionnaire with the help of which the researcher can easily get the outcomes of the research. Project Management and Schedule or Milestones Project Plan and Deliverables No of WEEK Scheduling of the task 1st week Seeking of time from the supervisor of this particular project 2nd week The topic of cloud computing in the mobile robotics should be evaluated carefully 3rd week Proposal for the project should be submitted 4th week Collection of feedback as well as the comments about the topic 5th week Collection of the data as well as the research work for the proposed topic of robotics in the cloud 6th week Finalization of the report as well as the documentation 7th week Submission of the mid semester report 8th week Preparation of the feedback report 9th week Analyzing the final data through questionnaire 10th week Documentation should be prepared on detailed description 11th week Organization of the entire work as well as the preparation of the final 12th week Finalization of the presentation as well as the practice of delivering the presentation 13th week Submission of the final report as well as the oral presentation Week 1 - Seeking of time from supervisor of the project In this week the discussion should takes place with the supervisor for the tools, the infrastructure, operating system, and others used in the development of the robotics based on cloud computing. Week 2 - The topic of cloud computing in mobile robotics should be evaluated carefully The topic should be modularize and distributed among the team member for carrying out their work by keeping aim and objective of the proposal. In this week only background and methodology should also be prepared. Week 3 - Proposal for the project should be submitted After the completion of the aim, objective, background, description, and methodology the proposal should be submitted. Week 4 - Collection of feedback and comments about the topic After the submission of the proposal to the supervisor, wait for the response from the supervisor in the form of comments and feedback. Week 5 - Collection of the data and research work for the proposed topic of robotics in the cloud The collected data, comments and feedback helps in preparing the final midterm report on the topic of robotics in cloud computing Week 6 - Finalization of the report and documentation The development of future plans should takes place about research the topic. Simultaneously, the preparation of presentation should takes place. Week 7 - Submission of the mid semester report The report of midterm semester should be submitted to the supervisor. Week 8 - Preparation of the feedback report The supervisor should provide the feedback on the submitted report of midterm semester for doing modification in the proposed report before the submission of the final report. Week 9 - Analyzing the final data through questionnaire Minimum of 10 questions should be prepared for questionnaire to analyze the data. The question should be well defined which covers all the topic and areas of the report Week 10 - Documentation should be prepared on detailed description The data collected by the questionnaire on the proposed topic should be synchronized and organized in the form of diagrams and flowchart. Week 11 - Organization of the entire work and preparation of the final Finalization of the report and organization of the presentation should takes place in this week for analyzing the result of research clearly in the form of facts and figures. Week 12 - Finalization of the presentation as well as the practice of delivering the presentation For the perfection in the oral presentation, the report should be practiced thoroughly. Week 13 - Submission of the final report as well as the oral presentation After preparing the final report, it should be submitted to the supervisor. Conclusion The entire survey conducted among the employees who are engaged with the implementation of the cloud robotics operations has successfully reached all the objectives set for the implementation of this project. According to the result of the survey, it can easily be stated that the distributed agent with collective intelligence (DAVANCI) gives the large area mapping as well as localization along with it towards the huge process of computing (Referred to Appendix 1). On the other hand, this survey has played a crucial role to establish the fact that the users as well as the concentration of the resources of computing in the environment of the cloud computing can easily represent the concentration of the threats of the security attacks (Referred to Appendix 2). Moreover, this report has also successfully identified three major applications of the cloud robotics such as autonomous mobile robots, industrial robots as well as the cloud medical robots with the help of the entire survey condu cted among the employees who are involved in the cloud robotics field (Referred to Appendix 3). In case of the autonomous cars, the cloud robots are the self driving cars of Google. The cars utilize the networks in terms of accessing the enormous database of maps and the environment as well as the satellite model of Google and make a combination with data streaming from GPS as well as the 3D sensors for monitoring its position within the centimetres and with current as well as past patterns of traffic for avoiding collisions. Most importantly, this report has successfully explored the fact that Nectar Cloud Services give the computing power, which scalable as well as flexible enough to all the researchers of Australia with the computing services, software as well as infrastructure that permit the research community for running, accessing and storing data autonomously, rapidly as well as remotely (Referred to Appendix 4). References Agostinho, L., Olivi, L., Feliciano, G., Paolieri, F., Rodrigues, D., Cardozo, E. and Guimaraes, E., 2011, December. A cloud computing environment for supporting networked robotics applications. InDependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing (DASC), 2011 IEEE Ninth International Conference on(pp. 1110-1116). IEEE. Agero, C. and Veloso, M., 2012. Transparent multi-robot communication exchange for executing robot behaviors. InHighlights on Practical Applications of Agents and Multi-Agent Systems(pp. 215-222). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. lamo, J.R., Benito, M. and Carranza, A., 2013. Towards An Architecture for Mobile Cloud Robotics. Chen, M., Ma, Y., Ullah, S., Cai, W. and Song, E., 2013, September. ROCHAS: robotics and cloud-assisted healthcare system for empty nester. InProceedings of the 8th international conference on body area networks(pp. 217-220). ICST (Institute for Computer Sciences, Social-Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering). Dhiyanesh, B., 2012, December. Dynamic resource allocation for machine to cloud communications robotics cloud. InEmerging Trends in Electrical Engineering and Energy Management (ICETEEEM), 2012 International Conference on(pp. 451-454). IEEE. Doriya, R., Chakraborty, P. and Nandi, G.C., 2012, December. Robotic services in cloud computing paradigm. InCloud and Services Computing (ISCOS), 2012 International Symposium on(pp. 80-83). IEEE. Ferrat, T., 2013. Cloud Robotics-new paradigm is near.Robotica Educativa y Personal (January 20, 2013). Gherardi, L., Hunziker, D. and Mohanarajah, G., 2014, June. A Software Product Line Approach for Configuring Cloud Robotics Applications. In2014 IEEE 7th International Conference on Cloud Computing(pp. 745-752). IEEE. Goldberg, K. and Kehoe, B., 2013. Cloud robotics and automation: A survey of related work.EECS Department, University of California, Berkeley, Tech. Rep. UCB/EECS-2013-5. Guizzo, E. and Deyle, T., 2012. Robotics trends for 2012.IEEE Robotics Automation Magazine,19(1), pp.119-123. Guizzo, E., 2011. Robots with their heads in the clouds.IEEE Spectrum,3(48), pp.16-18. Hu, G., Tay, W.P. and Wen, Y., 2012. Cloud robotics: architecture, challenges and applications.IEEE Network,26(3), pp.21-28. Jordn, S., Haidegger, T., Kovcs, L., Felde, I. and Rudas, I., 2013, July. The rising prospects of cloud robotic applications. InComputational Cybernetics (ICCC), 2013 IEEE 9th International Conference on(pp. 327-332). IEEE. Kamei, K., Nishio, S., Hagita, N. and Sato, M., 2012. Cloud networked robotics.IEEE Network,26(3), pp.28-34. Kato, Y., Izui, T., Tsuchiya, Y., Narita, M., Ueki, M., Murakawa, Y. and Okabayashi, K., 2011, November. RSi-cloud for integrating Robot Services with internet services. InIECON 2011-37th Annual Conference on IEEE Industrial Electronics Society(pp. 2158-2163). IEEE. Kehoe, B., Matsukawa, A., Candido, S., Kuffner, J. and Goldberg, K., 2013, May. Cloud-based robot grasping with the google object recognition engine. InRobotics and Automation (ICRA), 2013 IEEE International Conference on(pp. 4263-4270). IEEE. Kehoe, B., Patil, S., Abbeel, P. and Goldberg, K., 2015. A survey of research on cloud robotics and automation.IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering,12(2), pp.398-409. Koken, B., 2015. Cloud Robotics Platforms.Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems,13(1), pp.26-33. Liu, B., Chen, Y., Hadiks, A., Blasch, E., Aved, A., Shen, D. and Chen, G., 2014. Information fusion in a cloud computing era: a systems-level perspective.IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine,29(10), pp.16-24. Mohanarajah, G., Usenko, V., Singh, M., D'Andrea, R. and Waibel, M., 2015. Cloud-based collaborative 3D mapping in real-time with low-cost robots.IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering,12(2), pp.423-431. Nagrath, V., Morel, O., Malik, A., Saad, N. and Meriaudeau, F., 2013, November. Agent driven peer-to-peer cloud robotics. InCloud robotics workshop, IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS2013). https://? www.? roboearth.? org/? iros2013. Tokyo Big Sight, Japan. Proia, A.A., Simshaw, D. and Hauser, K., 2015. Consumer cloud robotics and the fair information practice principles: Recognizing the challenges and opportunities ahead. Rastkar, S., Quintero, D., Bolivar, D. and Tosunoglu, S., 2012, May. Empowering robots via cloud robotics: image processing and decision making boeBots. InFlorida Conference on Recent Advances in Robotics, Boca Raton, Florida. Ren, F., 2012, November. Robotics cloud and robotics school. InNatural Language Processing andKnowledge Engineering (NLP-KE), 2011 7th International Conference on(pp. 1-8). IEEE. Rudas, I.J., 2012, September. Cloud computing in intelligent robotics. In2012 IEEE 10th Jubilee International Symposium on Intelligent Systems and Informatics(pp. 15-15). IEEE. Rusu, R.B. and Cousins, S., 2011, May. 3d is here: Point cloud library (pcl). InRobotics and Automation (ICRA), 2011 IEEE International Conference on(pp. 1-4). IEEE. Tenorth, M., Kamei, K., Satake, S., Miyashita, T. and Hagita, N., 2013, November. Building knowledge-enabled cloud robotics applications using the ubiquitous network robot platform. In2013 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems(pp. 5716-5721). IEEE. Turnbull, L. and Samanta, B., 2013, April. Cloud robotics: Formation control of a multi robot system utilizing cloud infrastructure. InSoutheastcon, 2013 Proceedings of IEEE(pp. 1-4). IEEE. Wan, J., Tang, S., Yan, H., Li, D., Wang, S. and Vasilakos, A.V., 2016. Cloud robotics: current status and open issues.IEEE Access,4, pp.2797-2807. Wang, L. and Meng, M.Q.H., 2012, July. A game theoretical bandwidth allocation mechanism for cloud robotics. InIntelligent Control and Automation (WCICA), 2012 10th World Congress on(pp. 3828-3833). IEEE.

The West Essay Example For Students

The West Essay The West was a form of society rather than an area. It is the term applied to the region whose social conditions result from the application of older institutions and ideas to the transforming influences of free land. By this application, a new environment is suddenly entered, freedom of opportunity is opened, the cake of custom is broken, and new activities, new lines of growth, new institutions and new ideals, are brought into existence. The wilderness disappears, the West proper passes on to a new frontier and, in the former area, and a new society has emerged from this contact with the backwoods. Gradually this society loses its primitive conditions, and assimilates itself to the type of the older social conditions of the East; but it bears within it enduring and distinguishing survivals of its frontier experience. Decade after decade, West after West, this rebirth of American society had gone on, and left its traces behind it, which reacted on the East. The history of our politi cal institutions, our democracy, is not a history of imitation, of simple borrowing; it is a history of the evolution and adaptation of organs in response to changed environment, a history of the origin of new political species. In this sense, therefore, the West has been a constructive force of the highest significance in our life. The West, as a phase of social organization, began with the Atlantic coast, and passed across the continent. But the colonial tidewater area was in close touch with the Old World, and soon lost its Western aspects. In the middle of the eighteenth century, the newer social conditions appeared along the upper waters of the tributaries of the Atlantic. Here it was that the West took on its distinguishing features, and transmitted frontier traits and ideals to this area in later days. On the coast were the fishermen and skippers, the merchants and planters, with eyes turned toward Europe. Beyond the falls of the rivers were the pioneer farmers, largely of no n-English stock, Scotch-Irish and German. They constituted a distinct people, and may be regarded as an expansion of the social and economic life of the middle region into the backcountry of the South. These frontiersmen were the ancestors of Boone, Andrew Jackson, Calhoun, Clay, and Lincoln. Washington and Jefferson were profoundly affected by these frontier conditions. The forest clearings have been the seed plots of American character. Here then, is the problem of the West, as it looked to New England leaders of thought in the beginning and at the end of this century. From the first, it was recognized that a new type was growing up beyond the mountains, and that the time would come when the destiny of the nation would be in Western hands. The divergence of these societies became clear in the struggle over the ratification of the federal constitution. The interior agricultural region, the communities that were in debt and desired paper money, opposed the instrument; but the areas of intercourse and property carried the day. The most obvious fact regarding the man of the Western waters is that he had placed himself under influences destructive to many of the gains of civilization. Remote from the opportunity for systematic education, substituting a log hut in the forest clearing for the social comforts of the town, he suffered hard-ships and privations, and reverted in many ways to primitive conditions of life. Engaged in a struggle to subdue the forest, working as an individual, and with little specie or capital, his interests were with the debtor class. At each stage of its advance, the West has favored an expansion of the currency. The pioneer had boundless confidence in the future of his own community, and when seasons of financial contraction and depression occurred, he, who had staked his all on confidence in Western development, and had fought the savage for his home, was inclined to reproach the conservative sections and classes. To explain this antag onism requires more than denunciation of dishonesty, ignorance, and boorishness as fundamental Western traits. Legislation in the United States has had to deal with two distinct social conditions. In some portions of the country there was, and is, an aggregation of property, and vested rights are in the foreground. That in the conflict between these two ideals the government has always held an even hand would be difficult to show. But free lands and the consciousness of working out their social destiny did more than turn the Westerner to material interests and devote him to a restless existence. They promoted equality among the Western settlers, and reacted as a check on the aristocratic influences of the East. Where everybody could have a farm, almost for taking it, economic equality easily resulted, and this involved political equality. Western democracy included individual liberty, as well as equality. The frontiersman was impatient of restraints. He knew how to preserve order, e ven in the absence of legal authority. If there were cattle thieves, lynch law was sudden and effective: the regulators of the Carolinas were the predecessors of the claims associations of Iowa and the vigilance committees of California. But the individual was not ready to submit to complex regulations. Population was sparse; there was no multitude of jostling interests, as in older settlements, demanding an elaborate system of personal restraints. Society became atomic. There was a reproduction of the primitive idea of the personality of the law; a crime was more an offense against the victim than a violation of the law of the land. Substantial justice, secured in the most direct way, was the ideal of the backwoodsman. He had little patience with finely drawn distinctions or scruples of method. If the thing was one proper to be done, then the most immediate, rough and ready, effective way was the best way. It followed from the lack of organized political life, from the atomic condi tions of the backwoods society, that the individual was exalted and given free play. The West was another name for opportunity. Here were mines to be seized, fertile valleys to be preempted; all the natural resources open to the shrewdest and the boldest. The United States is unique in the extent to which the individual has been given an open field, unchecked by restraints of an old social order, or of scientific administration of government. The self-made man was the Western mans ideal, was the kind of man that all men might become. Out of his wilderness experience, out of the freedom of his opportunities, he fashioned a formula for social regeneration, the freedom of the individual to seek his own. He did not consider that his conditions were exceptional and temporary. Under such conditions, leadership easily develops, a leadership based on the possession of the qualities most serviceable to the young society. In the history of Western settlement, we see each forted village follow ing its local hero. Clay, Jackson, Harrison, Lincoln, were illustrations of this tendency in periods when the Western hero rose to the dignity of national hero. The Western man believed in the manifest destiny of his country. On his border, and checking his advance, were the Indian, the Spaniard, and the Englishman. He was indignant at eastern indifference and lack of sympathy with his view of his relations to these peoples, at the shortsightedness of eastern policy. The closure of the Mississippi by Spain, and the proposal to exchange our claim of freedom of navigating the river, in return for commercial advantages to New England, nearly led to the withdrawal of the West from the Union. It was the Western demands that brought about the purchase of Louisiana, and turned the scale in favor of declaring the War of 1812. Militant qualities were favored by the annual expansion of the settled area in the face of hostile Indians and the stubborn wilderness. The West caught the vision of t he nations continental destiny. It is important to bear this idealism of the West in mind. The very materialism that has been urged against the West was accompanied by ideals of equality, of the exaltation of the common man, of national expansion, that make it a profound mistake to write of the West as though it were engrossed in mere material ends. It has been, and is, preeminently a region of ideals, mistaken or not. It is obvious that these economic and social conditions were so fundamental in Western life that they might well dominate whatever accessions came to the West by immigration from the coast sections or from Europe. Nevertheless, the West cannot be understood without bearing in mind the fact that it has received the great streams from the North and from the South, and that the Mississippi compelled these currents to intermingle. Here it was that sectionalism first gave way under the pressure of unification. Ultimately the conflicting ideas and institutions of the old se ctions struggled for dominance in this area under the influence of the forces that made for uniformity, but this is merely another phase of the truth that the West must become unified, that it could not rest in sectional groupings. For precisely this reason the struggle occurred. In the period from the Revolution to the close of the War of 1812, the democracy of the Southern and Middle States contributed the main streams of settlement and social influence to the West. Even in Ohio the New England leaders soon lost political power. The democratic spirit of the Middle region left an indelible impress on the West in this its formative period. After the War of 1812, New England, its supremacy in the carrying trade of the world having vanished, became a beehive from which swarms of settlers went out to western New York and the remoter regions. These settlers spread New England ideals of education and character and political institutions, and acted as a leaven of great significance in the Northwest. But it would be a mistake to believe than an unmixed New England influence took possession of the Northwest. These pioneers did not come from the class that conserved the type of New England civilization pure and undefiled. They represented a less contented, less conservative influence. Moreover, by their sojourn in the Middle region, on their westward march, they underwent modification, and when the farther West received them, they suffered a forest-change, indeed. The Westernized New England man was no longer the representative of the section that he left. He was less conservative, less provincial, more adaptable, and approachable, less rigorous in his Puritan ideals, less a man of culture, more a man of action. As might have been expected, therefore, the Western men, in the era of good feeling, had much homogeneity throughout the Mississippi valley, and began to stand as a new national type. Under the lead of Henry Clay they invoked the national government to break do wn the mountain barrier by internal improvements, and thus to give their crops an outlet to the coast. Under him they appealed to the national government for a protective tariff to create a home market. A group of frontier States entered the Union with democratic provisions respecting the suffrage, and with devotion to the nation that had given them their lands, built their roads and canals, regulated their territorial life, and made them equals in the sisterhood of States. At last these Western forces of aggressive nationalism and democracy took possession of the government in the person of the man who best embodied them, Andrew Jackson. This new democracy that captured the country and destroyed the older ideals of statesmanship came from no theorists dreams of the German forest. It came, stark and strong and full of life, from the American forest. But the triumph of this Western democracy revealed also the fact that it could rally to its aid the laboring classes of the coast, then just beginning to acquire self-consciousness and organization. The next phase of Western development revealed forces of division between the northern and southern portions of the West. With the spread of the cotton culture went the slave system and the great plantation. The small farmer in his log cabin, raising varied crops, was displaced by the planter raising cotton. In all except the mountainous areas, the industrial organization of the tidewater took possession of the Southwest, the unity of the backcountry was broken, and the solid South was formed. In the Northwest this was the era of railroads and canals, opening the region to the increasing stream of Middle State and New England settlement, and strengthening the opposition to slavery. A map showing the location of the men of New England ancestry in the Northwest would represent also the counties in which the Free Soil party cast its heaviest votes. The commercial connections of the Northwest likewise were reversed by the r ailroad. The West broke asunder, and the great struggle over the social system to be given to the lands beyond the Mississippi followed. In the Civil War the Northwest furnished the national hero, Lincoln was the very flower of frontier training and ideals, and it also took into its hands the whole power of the government. Before the war closed, the West could claim the President, Vice-President, Chief Justice, Speaker of the House, Secretary of the Treasury, Postmaster General, Attorney General, General of the Army, and Admiral of the Navy. The West had furnished the leading general of the war. It was the region of action, and in the crisis it took the reins. The triumph of the nation was followed by a new era of Western development. The national forces projected themselves across the prairies and plains. Railroads, fostered by government loans and land grants, opened the way for settlement and poured a flood of European immigrants and restless pioneers from all sections of the Uni on into the government lands. The army of the United States pushed back the Indian, rectangular Territories was carved into checker-board States, creations of the federal government, without a history, without physiographical unity, without particularistic ideas. The later frontiersman leaned on the strong arm of national power. We are now in a position to see clearly some of the factors involved in the Western problem. For nearly three centuries the dominant fact in American life has been expansion. With the settlement of the pacific coast and the occupation of the free lands, this movement has come to a check. That these energies of expansion will no longer operate would be a rash prediction; and the demands for a vigorous foreign policy, for an interoceanic canal. For a revival of our power upon the seas, and for the extension of American influence to outlying islands and adjoining countries, are indications that the movement will continue. The stronghold of these demands lies we st of the Alleghenies. In the remoter West, the restless, rushing wave of settlement has broken with a shock against the arid plains. The free lands are gone, the continent is crossed, and all this push and energy is turning into channels of agitation. Failures in one area can no longer be made good by taking up land on a new frontier; the conditions of a settled society are being reached with suddenness and with confusion. The West has been built up with borrowed capital, and the question of the stability of gold, as a standard of deferred payments, is eagerly agitated by the debtor West, profoundly dissatisfied with the industrial conditions that confront it, and actuated by frontier directness and rigor in its remedies. For the most part, the men who built up the West beyond the Mississippi, and who are now leading the agitation, came as pioneers from the old Northwest, in the days when it was just passing from the stage of a frontier section. And now the frontier opportunities a re gone. Discontent is demanding an extension of governmental activity in its behalf. In these demands, it finds itself in touch with the depressed agricultural classes and the workingmen of the South and East. The Western problem is no longer a sectional problem; it is a social problem on a national scale. The greater West, extending from the Alleghenies to the Pacific, cannot be regarded as a unit; it requires analysis into regions and classes. But its area, its population, and its material resources would give force to its assertion that if there is a sectionalism in the country, the sectionalism is Eastern. The old West, united to the new South, would produce not a new sectionalism, but a new Americanism. It would not mean sectional disunion, as some have speculated, but it might mean a drastic assertion of national government and imperial expansion under a popular hero. .uea207aaad634a88cce0bda166b46ee1e , .uea207aaad634a88cce0bda166b46ee1e .postImageUrl , .uea207aaad634a88cce0bda166b46ee1e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uea207aaad634a88cce0bda166b46ee1e , .uea207aaad634a88cce0bda166b46ee1e:hover , .uea207aaad634a88cce0bda166b46ee1e:visited , .uea207aaad634a88cce0bda166b46ee1e:active { border:0!important; } .uea207aaad634a88cce0bda166b46ee1e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uea207aaad634a88cce0bda166b46ee1e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uea207aaad634a88cce0bda166b46ee1e:active , .uea207aaad634a88cce0bda166b46ee1e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uea207aaad634a88cce0bda166b46ee1e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uea207aaad634a88cce0bda166b46ee1e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uea207aaad634a88cce0bda166b46ee1e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uea207aaad634a88cce0bda166b46ee1e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uea207aaad634a88cce0bda166b46ee1e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uea207aaad634a88cce0bda166b46ee1e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uea207aaad634a88cce0bda166b46ee1e .uea207aaad634a88cce0bda166b46ee1e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uea207aaad634a88cce0bda166b46ee1e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: I Have a Dream Essay We will write a custom essay on The West specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now

Modules, Structures, and Classes

Modules, Structures, and Classes There are just three ways to organize a VB.NET application. ModulesStructuresClasses But most technical articles assume that you already know all about them. If youre one of the many who still have a few questions, you could just read past the confusing bits and try to figure it out anyway. And if you have a lot of time, you can start searching through Microsofts documentation: A Module is a portable executable file, such as type.dll or application.exe, consisting of one or more classes and interfaces.A Class statement defines a new data type.The Structure statement defines a composite value type that you can customize. Right, then. Any questions? To be a bit more fair to Microsoft, they have pages and pages (and more pages) of information about all of these that you can wade through. And they have to be as exact as possible because they set the standard. In other words, Microsofts documentation sometimes reads like a law book because it is a law book. But if youre just learning .NET, it can be very confusing! You have to start somewhere. Understanding the three fundamental ways that you can write code in VB.NET is a good place to start. You can write VB.NET code using any of these three forms. In other words, you can create a Console Application in VB.NET Express and write: Module Module1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sub Main()  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  MsgBox(This is a Module!)  Ã‚  Ã‚  End SubEnd ModuleClass Class1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sub Main()  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  MsgBox(This is a Class)  Ã‚  Ã‚  End SubEnd ClassStructure Struct1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dim myString As String  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sub Main()  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  MsgBox(This is a Structure)  Ã‚  Ã‚  End SubEnd Structure This doesnt make any sense as a program, of course. The point is that you dont get a syntax error so its legal VB.NET code. These three forms are the only way to code the queen bee root of all of .NET: the object. The only element that interrupts the symmetry of the three forms is the statement: Dim myString As String. That has to do with a Structure being a composite data type as Microsoft states in their definition. Another thing to notice is that all three blocks have a Sub Main() in them. One of the most fundamental principals of OOP is usually called encapsulation. This is the black box effect. In other words, you should be able to treat each object independently and that includes using identically named subroutines if you want to. Classes Classes are the right place to start because, as Microsoft notes, A class is a fundamental building block of object-oriented programming (OOP). In fact, some authors treat modules and structures as just special kinds of classes. A class is more object oriented than a module because its possible to instantiate (make a copy of) a class but not a module. In other words, you can code ... Public Class Form1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Private Sub Form1_Load( _  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ByVal sender As System.Object, _  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ByVal e As System.EventArgs) _  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Handles MyBase.Load  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dim myNewClass As Class1 New Class1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  myNewClass.ClassSub()  Ã‚  Ã‚  End SubEnd Class (The class instantiation is emphasized.) It doesnt matter whether the actual class itself, in this case, ... Public Class Class1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sub ClassSub()  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  MsgBox(This is a class)  Ã‚  Ã‚  End SubEnd Class ... is in a file by itself or is part of the same file with the Form1 code. The program runs exactly the same way. (Notice that Form1 is a class too.) You can also write class code that behaves much like a module, that is, without instantiating it. This is called a Shared class. The article Static (that is, Shared) versus Dynamic Types in VB.NET explains this in much more detail. Another fact about classes should also be kept in mind. Members (properties and methods) of the class only exist while the instance of the class exists. The name for this is scoping. That is, the scope of an instance of a class is limited. The code above can be changed to illustrate this point this way: Public Class Form1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Private Sub Form1_Load( _  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ByVal sender As System.Object, _  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ByVal e As System.EventArgs) _  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Handles MyBase.Load  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dim myNewClass As Class1 New Class1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  myNewClass.ClassSub()  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  myNewClass Nothing  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  myNewClass.ClassSub()  Ã‚  Ã‚  End SubEnd Class When the second myNewClass.ClassSub() statement is executed, a NullReferenceException error is thrown because the ClassSub member doesnt exist. Modules In VB  6, it was common to see programs where most of the code was in a module (A .BAS, file rather than, for instance, in a Form file such as Form1.frm.) In VB.NET, both modules and classes are in .VB files. The main reason modules are included in VB.NET is to give programmers a way to organize their systems by putting code in different places to fine tune the scope and access for their code. (That is, how long members of the module exist and what other code can reference and use the members.) Sometimes, you may want to put code into separate modules just to make it easier to work with. All VB.NET modules are Shared because they cant be instantiated (see above) and they can be marked Friend or Public so they can be accessed either within the same assembly or whenever theyre referenced. Structures Structures are the least understood of the three forms of objects. If we were talking about animals instead of objects,  the structure would be an Aardvark. The big difference between a structure and a class is that a structure is a value type and a class is a reference type. What does that mean? Im so glad you asked. A value type is an object that is stored directly in memory. An Integer is a good example of a value type. If you declared an Integer in your program like this ... Dim myInt as Integer 10 ... and you checked the memory location stored in myInt, you would find the value 10. You also see this described as being allocated on the stack. The stack and the heap are simply different ways of managing the use of computer memory. A reference type is an object where the location of the object is stored in memory. So finding a value for a reference type is always a two step lookup. A String is a good example of a reference type. If you declared a String like this ... Dim myString as String This is myString ... and you checked the memory location stored in myString, you would find another memory location (called a pointer - this way of doing things is the very heart of C style languages). You would have to go to that location to find the value This is myString. This is often called being allocated on the heap. The stack and the heap Some authors say that value types arent even objects and only reference types can be objects. Its certainly true that the sophisticated object characteristics like inheritance and encapsulation are only possible with reference types. But we started this whole article by saying that there were three forms for objects so I have to accept that structures are some sort of object, even if theyre non-standard objects. The programming origins of structures go back to file-oriented languages like Cobol. In those languages, data was normally processed as sequential flat files. The fields in a record from the file were described by a data definition section (sometimes called a record layout or a copybook). So, if a record from the file contained: 1234567890ABCDEF9876 The only way you would know that 1234567890 was a phone number, ABCDEF was an ID and 9876 was $98.76 was through the data definition. Structures help you accomplish this in VB.NET. Structure Structure1  Ã‚  Ã‚  VBFixedString(10) Dim myPhone As String  Ã‚  Ã‚  VBFixedString(6) Dim myID As String  Ã‚  Ã‚  VBFixedString(4) Dim myAmount As StringEnd Structure Because a String is a reference type, its necessary to keep the length the same with the VBFixedString attribute for fixed length records. You can find an extended explanation of this attribute and attributes in general in the article Attributes in VB .NET. Although structures are non-standard objects, they do have a lot of capability in VB.NET. You can code methods, properties, and even events, and event handlers in structures, but you can also use more simplified code and because theyre value types, processing can be faster. For example, you could recode the structure above like this: Structure Structure1  Ã‚  Ã‚  VBFixedString(10) Dim myPhone As String  Ã‚  Ã‚  VBFixedString(6) Dim myID As String  Ã‚  Ã‚  VBFixedString(4) Dim myAmount As String  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sub mySub()  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  MsgBox(This is the value of myPhone: myPhone)  Ã‚  Ã‚  End SubEnd Structure And use it like this: Dim myStruct As Structure1myStruct.myPhone 7894560123myStruct.mySub() Its worth your time to play around with structures a bit and learn what they can do. Theyre one of the odd corners of VB.NET that can be a magic bullet when you need it.